Confidential Communication in the Internet

1. 00:00In our openHPI course Confidential Communication in the Internet,
2. 00:04now we consider some Crypto Patents and Standards.
3. 00:09In daily practice, cryptography plays a very very important role
4. 00:14so new cryptographic knowledge it's a very interesting
5. 00:21research topic, new cryptographic knowledge and procedures are published
6. 00:27in scientific publications, in journals and
7. 00:33conferences or they are applied for patents.
8. 00:38The cryptographic process to apply such cryptographic methods,
9. 00:44this of course must be interoperable in the context of various applications. Internet
10. 00:51applications come from different people, there are many services
11. 00:56which you want to interact with so this cryptographic means and tools
12. 01:02need to be as much as possible interoperable.
13. 01:07And to achieve this, various specifications and fixations
14. 01:13need to be done, these are called standards and of course, the
15. 01:20software companies need to agree on the standards.
16. 01:26The standards then also
17. 01:30be adhered to the various software providers, and a standard
18. 01:35becomes a standard and becomes successful if many software providers
19. 01:40apply as a standard and design tools that can deal with this fixation
20. 01:47of cryptographic process.
21. 01:51So, the use of cryptographic methods and implementations in crypto products
22. 01:56especially in hardware and software should be carried out in compliance with relevant standards whenever possible
23. 02:06So, here are some very important crypto patents,
24. 02:12so, many cryptosystems and crypto algorithms are patents.
25. 02:16So, here are the
26. 02:20five most particular important crypto patents, the first is
27. 02:27DES block ciphers, we discussed this in the first week of our course
28. 02:32of symmetric encryption which is today no more considered
29. 02:39secure enough. Then the first public key patent was the Diffie-Hellman
30. 02:47key exchange, which solves the problem for securely exchanging secret keys
31. 02:56in over an unsecured media so this also can be considered as the beginning
32. 03:03of the asymmetric
33. 03:07encryption methods development. Then the Merkle-Hellman Knapsack and PKI
34. 03:15patent became very important with PKI description first time,
35. 03:21then the Tree authentication method which was introduced in 1982
36. 03:27for dealing with such hierarchical structures and then of course
37. 03:33RSA asymmetric encryption and a signature standard which was introduced in
38. 03:401983.
39. 03:44There were a number of other significant crypto patents for example,
40. 03:49a patent for the generation of RSA prime numbers, you remember RSA
41. 03:56was based on the factorization problem, so,
42. 04:02for the private key one needs to know two huge prime numbers
43. 04:07and these huge prime numbers are multiplied and for an attacker
44. 04:13he only can break the
45. 04:16encryption system when he is able to defactorise
46. 04:20this product.
47. 04:23Then the One-Time Signatures is a very important crypto patent
48. 04:27which was introduced in 1989 by Merkle.
49. 04:30The IDEA cipher was introduced in 1993 and it provides a symmetric
50. 04:39encryption method. DSA signatures
51. 04:43which was introduced in 1993. Then Modulo Arithmetic Processing Chip,
52. 04:50today it's a very popular
53. 04:54elliptic curve cryptography, here as the first patent was done.
54. 05:00And then IBE, the Identity Based Encryption method which was
55. 05:05introduced in 2007.
56. 05:08If we look at other crypto standards then
57. 05:14there is the American institution for standardization, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology),
58. 05:19so, important security standards of NIST is AES,
59. 05:25the advanced encryption standard, the successor of DES,
60. 05:30the symmetric encryption method which was,
61. 05:34which nowadays is a successor of DES and is used in many fields of symmetric methods for encryption.
62. 05:50SHA family, so we discussed several hash algorithms from the SHA family,
63. 05:57the SHS, the Secure Hash Standard, which defines the use of hash functions
64. 06:04and the DSA standard which provides algorithms for digital signatures.
65. 06:11Then other important security standards which became important in
66. 06:18the environment of banks, this is the DES standard, nowadays no more considered
67. 06:26secure, than the PIN management
68. 06:30standard which is described in the
69. 06:35ISO 9564 and ANSI standard, the signature standard,
70. 06:41banks when they interact with others, they recognize signatures,
71. 06:48certificates, how the certificate should look like, you see there are different standards
72. 06:55for the certificates used in the environment of banks and this is
73. 07:02only the peak of the iceberg of the many other crypto patents and standards
74. 07:08which are important to survive
75. 07:15in our digital world.

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